Operating system (OS) command-line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system. Types Operating system command-line interfaces Īpple Computer's CommandShell in A/UX 3.0.1 It may be difficult for a new user to become familiar with all the commands and options available, compared with the icons and drop-down menus of a graphical user interface, without reference to manuals. The command-line environment may not provide graphical enhancements such as different fonts or extended edit windows found in a GUI. A command-line history can be kept, allowing review or repetition of commands.Ī command-line system may require paper or online manuals for the user's reference, although often a "help" option provides a concise review of the options of a command. Automation of repetitive tasks is simplified by line editing and history mechanisms for storing frequently used sequences this may extend to a scripting language that can take parameters and variable options. Since options to commands are given in a few characters in each command line, an experienced user often finds the options easier to access. This includes programming environments and utility programs.Ī graphical user interface with icons and windows ( GEM 1.1 Desktop)Ĭompared with a graphical user interface, a command-line interface requires fewer system resources to implement. Many software systems implement command-line interfaces for control and operation. Programs with command-line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting. Command-line interfaces are often implemented in terminal devices that are also capable of screen-oriented text-based user interfaces that use cursor addressing to place symbols on a display screen. Examples of this include the Microsoft Windows, DOS Shell, and Mouse Systems PowerPanel. However, some programming and maintenance tasks may not have a graphical user interface and use a command line.Īlternatives to the command line interface include text-based user interface menus (for example, IBM AIX SMIT), keyboard shortcuts, and various desktop metaphors centered on the pointer (usually controlled with a mouse). Today, many users rely upon graphical user interfaces and menu-driven interactions. This provided an interactive environment not available with punched cards or other input methods. ![]() Such access was first provided by computer terminals starting in the mid-1960s. In some cases the invocation is conditional based on conditions established by the user or previous executables. This provides a means of setting parameters for the environment, invoking executables and providing information to them as to what actions they are to perform. By default, the process will display all processes by CPU usage, with the process id or PID displayed alongside each entry.Screenshot of Windows PowerShell 1.0, running on Windows VistaĪ command-line interpreter or command-line processor uses a command-line interface ( CLI) to receive commands from a user in the form of lines of text. To see a list of currently running processes and how much CPU and memory they’re currently using, execute top. This is especially useful for printing a path that you can later copy and paste. To display the current directory that you’re in (or “print working directory”), you can use the pwd command. If you want to edit a system file, for example, you might need to use sudo nano in order to save your changes. Some commands require root access in order to work. Once you’ve entered a command prefixed by sudo, you’ll be required to enter your administrator password to execute it. The sudo prefix is used to execute a command as a “super user,” also known as root or admin. To save a file, hit Control+O (known as “Write Out”) or quit without saving using Control+X. Once you’re in nano, pay attention to the commands at the bottom of the screen, which involve the control key. Use cp to initiate the copy command, add a flag where required, and then enter the target file or folder, followed by a space, and then add the destination folder. Remember, you can also use the same location shortcuts that you’d use with the cd command (e.g. For example, use -C to get a multi-column output, -S to sort by size, -lt to sort by date modified, -la for detailed contents including hidden files, or -lh to create a list with readable file sizes. You can add flags to the ls command to get different results. ![]() Append it with a location on the drive to specifically target that directory. List Files & Folders: lsĪlso useful in navigating your drive, ls can be used to list the contents of the current directory simply by executing the command. For example, running cd ~ will take you to the Home directory for the current user. You can also use cd/ to get to the root of the drive, cd. ![]() You can use shortcuts to quickly skip to certain directories.
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